Bi-directional Charging: V2L, V2V, V2G, V2H
A bi-directional on-board charger can take energy out of the battery as well as putting it in. That single capability unlocks four use cases.
| Mode | Energy flows to | Typical power |
|---|---|---|
| V2L | Onboard AC sockets, tools, camping loads | 2.2 – 6.6 kW |
| V2V | Another vehicle | 3.3 – 11 kW |
| V2H | A building, behind the meter | 3.3 – 11 kW |
| V2G | The grid, grid-code compliant | 3.3 – 22 kW |
V2G additionally requires grid-code compliance that varies by country, plus ISO 15118-20 or local equivalents for the communication layer.